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CH1) Miniemulsion Polymerization of Styrene: Evolution of the Particle Size Distribution, Miller, C.M, Sudol, E.D., Silebi, C.A. and El-Aasser, M.S. J. of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry , vol 33, pp 1391 (1995).

Subject: To establish a basis of comparison of the miniemulsion process, two experiments were conducted. One involves a homogenization step using an M-110 laboratory Microfluidizer®.
Conclusion: For best results, this group of researchers prefer using Microfluidizer® equipment to prepare miniemulsions.

CH2) Capillary Hydrodynamic Fractionation (CHDF as a tool for monitoring the evolution of the particle size distribution during miniemulsion polymerization.) Miller, C.M., Sudol, E.D., Silebi, C.A., and El-Aasser, M.S. J. of Colloid and Interface Science 172, pp 249 (1995).

Subject: As stated in the title, this experiment examines a method for monitoring progression of particle size distribution during miniemulsion polymerization
Findings: "After homogenization (using a laboratory Microfluidizer®) all of the miniemulsions appeared homogeneous and opaque."

CH3) Polymerization of miniemulsions prepared from polystyrene in styrene solutions. 1. Benchmarks and limits 2. Kinetics and mechanisms 3. Potential differences between miniemulsion droplets and polymer particles. Miller, C.M., Sudol, E.D., Silebi, C.A., El-Aasser, M.S. Macromolecules, 28, pp 2754 (1995).

Subject: The formation of latex particles by polymerization in monomer droplets.
Findings: "When monomer droplets are prepared via a miniemulsification process (Microfluidizer® processing), to produce submicron droplets, these droplets could effectively compete with other nucleation mechanisms in the formation of polymer particles. This was attributed to the larger surface area and enhanced absorption of the monomer droplets allowing them to become principal locus of polymerization.

CH4) Influence of emulsifier on the formation of alkyd emulsions, Ostberg, G., Bergenstahl, B., Hulden, M., Colloids and Surfaces, Elsevier (1995) pp161-171.

Findings: "A key factor in achieving the colloidal stability of an emulsion is the creation of small emulsion droplets in the emulsification process". The emulsions in this experiment were prepared in a Microfluidizer®.

CH5) Large-scale production of nanoscale powders, High Tech Ceramics News editor, Dr. Thomas Abraham, vol 5, #10 (1994).

Subject: Covers work done in collaboration with Catalytica. Producing catalytic materials with higher dispersion and phase purity than can be obtained from current commercial methods of preparation.

CH6) Characterization of miniemulsion droplet size and stability using capillary hydrodynamic fractionation, Miller, C.M., Venkatesan, J., Silebi, C.A., Sudol, E.D., and ElAasser, M.S. J. of Colloid and Interface Science, 162:11 (1994).

Subject: Miniemulsions
Meaningful Data: Figure depiction of average diameter size when using sonifier or Microfluidizer®.

CH7) Biodistribution and imaging studies of technetium-99ml-abeled liposomes in rats with focal infection, Goins, B., Klipper,R., Rudolph, A.S., Cliff, R.O., Blumhardt, R., and Phillips, W.T., The J. of Nuclear Medicine., 34:12 Dec (1994)

Subject: Using Microfluidizer® as part of a process for infection imaging.

CH8) Miniemulsion Polymerization A comparative study of preparative variables, Tang, P.L., Sudol, E.D., Silebi, C.A., and ElAasser, J. of Applied Polymer Science, 43:1051 (1991).

Subject: Miniemulsion polymerization
Conclusions: "Based on the polymerization kinetics and particle sizes obtained, the following conclusions are drawn: The finest droplet size miniemulsions are obtained by (1) using a cosurfactant; (2) homogenizing at elevated temperature (3) homogenizing using a uniform high shear device (Microfluidizer®); and (4) limiting the aging time prior to polymerization".
Data: Tables included comparing particle sizes when using Sonifier Disrupter and then using a Microfluidizer®.

CH9) Polymer Latexes, Preparation, Characterization, and Applications, Daniels, E.S., Sudol, D.E., ElAasser. April (1991).

Subject: Polymerization using Microfluidizer® Processor.
Data: Charts depicting superior MFZ comparisons to a sonifier and Omni mixer.

CH10) Characterization of small lipid vesicles prepared by microfluidization, Masson, G., Progress in Colloid & Polymer Science 79:49-51 (1989).

Subject: Properties of vesicles produced on laboratory Microfluidizer
Data: Diagram and freeze fracture electron microscope photos.
Conclusions: "vesicles obtained by microfluidization show smooth spherical shapes and give clear evidence of the unilamellarity of the liposomes." "Microfluidization provides a practical and convenient means of preparing research or commercial quantities of small unilammelar vesicles."

CH11) The production and evaluation of contrastcarrying liposomes made with and automatic high pressure system, Cheng, K.T., Seltzer, S.E., Adams, D.F. and Monte Blau. Investigative Radiology, Jan (1987).

Subject: MFZ produced liposomes for imaging.
Conclusions: "found capable of producing liposomes continuously in a reproducible manner." "several (MFZ) advantages: (1) size of the liposome can be easily regulated. 2) the system can work efficiently at high lipid concentrations and (3) the apparatus can be rendered sterile readily for clinical use".

CH12) Polymerization of styrene miniemulsions, Choi, Y.T., ElAasser, M.S.,Sudol, E.D. and Vanderhoff, J.W., J. of Polymer Science 23 2973 (1985).

Subject: Using Microfluidizer® equipment to prepare the stable emulsions with droplet diameters in the size range of 0.05 to 0.5.
Conclusions: In this size range, droplet initiation could effectively compete with other mechanisms due to their large surface area.

CH13) Using particle collisions for mixing and dispersion, Bruno, Robert P., Chemical Processing March (1997).

Subject: A new way to break up particles in liquids

CH14) General Route to Nanocrystalline Oxides by Hydrodynamic Cavitation, Joseph E. Sunstrom IV, William R. Moser, and Barbara Marshik-Guerts, Chem. Mater., (1996)

Subject: The use of hydrodynamic cavitation to synthesize a number of useful nanostructured materials.

CH15) Tiny Particles Aim for Big Markets, Chemical Engineering., 34:12 Aug. (1994)

Subject: 'Nanostructuring' maximizes control in advanced materials engineering.

CH16) Going to Extremes: When Size Matters more than Chemistry

Subject: The key to a manufacturer's success is the ability to achieve smaller, more uniform, more dispersed results with a cost-effective process.

CH17) Microfluidizer® Processor Can Dramatically Improve Mineral Recovery U.S. Department of Energy Study Shows.

Subject: A way to dramatically reduce the amount of time and chemicals required to recover high-grade coal, iron oxide, and copper sulfide from mined ore.

CH18) Reducing the Clutter in Particle Size Reduction, Sepos, Norman, Chemical Equipment, Dec. (1997)

Subject: Reducing the size of particles within a suspension.

CH19) Effect of a Novel Multistream Mixer Reactor in Reducing Mass Transfer Limitations in a Model Fast Chemical Reaction, Ginter, David M., King, David L., Kilner, Peter. Abstract, AICHE Meeting, November (1998).

Subject: Well-mixed systems allow kinetics to determine the reaction rates, often with high selectivity.

CH20) Use of a High Intensity Multistream Mixer Reactor for the Precipitation of Catalyst Precursors Having Reduced Crystallite Size and Improved Phase Purity, Ginter, David M., King, David L., Kilner, Peter. Abstract, AICHE Meeting, November (1998).

Subject: Intense and uniform mixing with a novel multistream mixer reactor device of two or more reactive solutions with energy far exceed what is achievable with alternate mixing devices.

CH21) New Aqueous Dispersion of Cellulose Sub-micron Particles: Preparation and Properties of Transparent Cellulose HydroGel (TGG), Ono, Hirofumi; Shimaya, Yoshihiko; Hongo, Tomoko; Yamane, Chihiro. Transactions of the Materials Research Society of Japan (2001).

Subject: Preparation of new cellulosic material, Transparent Cellulose HydroGel (TCG) through use of a Microfluidizer processor.